Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It is unusually strong, conducts heat and electricity well, and exhibits remarkable quantum behavior.
Many other two-dimensional materials exist, including hexagonal boron nitride and transition metal dichalcogenides. Stacking them can create new “designer” properties through carefully engineered interfaces.
Applications range from sensors and flexible electronics to coatings, but scalable manufacturing and reliable integration remain major challenges.