CRISPR-based tools allow researchers to target specific DNA sequences using a guide RNA and an associated enzyme. The system can cut DNA or make precise changes depending on the approach.
Challenges include off-target edits, delivery into the right cells, and controlling outcomes in complex tissues. Newer approaches like base editing and prime editing aim to reduce unwanted effects.
Ethical questions remain central, especially around heritable edits, equitable access, and the use of gene editing in enhancement rather than therapy.